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Genetically modified wheat

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For related content, see <a href="Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified food</a>, <a href="Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a>, <a href="Regulation_of_the_release_of_genetic_modified_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms">regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms</a>, and <a href="Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">genetically modified food controversies</a>.</div>

Genetically modified wheat is <a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> that has been <a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetically engineered</a> by the direct manipulation of its <a href="Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> using <a href="Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>. As of 2020, no genetically modified wheat is grown commercially, although many field tests have been conducted. One wheat variety, Bioceres <a href="HB4_Wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="HB4 Wheat">HB4 Wheat</a>, is obtaining regulatory approval from the government of Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

Wheat is a natural hybrid derived from interspecies breeding. It is theorized that wheat's ancestors (<a href="Triticum_monococcum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum monococcum">Triticum monococcum</a>, <a href="Aegilops_speltoides" title="Aegilops speltoides">Aegilops speltoides</a>, and <a href="Aegilops_tauschii" title="Aegilops tauschii">Aegilops tauschii</a>, all <a href="Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> grasses) hybridized naturally over millennia somewhere in West Asia, to create natural <a href="Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploid</a> hybrids, the best known of which are common wheat and <a href="Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">durum wheat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

Wheat (<a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">Triticum</a> spp.) is an important domesticated <a href="Grass" title="Grass">grass</a> used worldwide for food. Its evolution has been influenced by human intervention since the dawn of agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

Interspecies transfer of genes continued to occur in farmers' fields during the shift from the <a href="Pleistocene_human_diet" title="Pleistocene human diet">Paleolithic diet</a> to the diet adopted by humans following the <a href="Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, or first green revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2001p144-4">[4]</a> During the transition from a hunter-gatherer social structure to more agrarian societies, humans began to cultivate wheat and further transform it for their needs. Thus, the social and cultural roots of humans and the development of wheat have intertwined since before recorded history.

This process resulted in various wheat species that are grown for specific purposes and climates. In 1873, Wilson<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> cross-pollinated rye and wheat to create <a href="Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a>. Further transformations using cytogenic hybridization techniques enabled <a href="Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a>, father of the second <a href="Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2001p144-4">[4]</a> to develop wheat species (the semidwarf varieties) that would grow in harsh environments.

<a href="Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">Recombinant DNA</a> techniques were developed in the 1980s, work began on creating the first transgenic wheat, coincident with the third Green Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2001p144-4">[4]</a> Of the three most important cereals in the world (corn, rice, and wheat), wheat was the last to be transformed by transgenic, biolistic methods in 1992, and by <a href="Agrobacterium" title="Agrobacterium">Agrobacterium</a> methods in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Unlike corn and rice, its widespread use in the human diet has faced cultural resistance.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field_trials_and_approvals">Field trials and approvals</h2></div>

As of 2013, 34 field trials of GM wheat have taken place in Europe and 419 have taken place in the US.<a href="#cite_note-GMOCompass-10">[10]</a> Modifications tested include those to create resistance to herbicides, create resistance to insects<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and to fungal pathogens (especially <a href="Fusarium" title="Fusarium">fusarium</a>) and viruses,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> tolerance to drought and resistance to salinity<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and heat,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> increased<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and decreased<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> content of <a href="Glutenin" title="Glutenin">glutenin</a>, improved nutrition (higher protein content, increased heat stability of the enzyme <a href="Phytase" title="Phytase">phytase</a>, increased content of water-soluble <a href="Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, increased <a href="Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> content),<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> improved qualities for use as <a href="Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> feedstock, production of drugs via <a href="Pharming_(genetics)" title="Pharming (genetics)">pharming</a>, and yield increases.<a href="#cite_note-GMOCompass-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

The Argentinian company Bioceres developed a plant with the HaHB4 gene and it was grown under a wide range of growing conditions that showed better adaptation to drought-prone environments, the most important constraint affecting crop yields worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bioceres's_HB4">Bioceres's HB4</h2></div>

The Argentina-based company Bioceres developed a genetically modified wheat variety with higher yield under <a href="Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> stress.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The variety is named for its expression of a <a href="Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">

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</style>HaHB4, from <a href="Sunflowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflowers">sunflowers</a><a href="#cite_note-Sparks-2020-30">[30]</a>: 8,18 <a href="#cite_note-Paul-et-al-2019-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-et-al-2019-32">[32]</a> and also known as line IND-00412-7.<a href="#cite_note-HB4-FSANZ-ISAAA-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-HB4-FSANZ-34">[34]</a> It was approved by the Argentine government in October 2020, with commercial introduction pending approval of the crop for import by Brazil, Argentina's major wheat export partner.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-28">[28]</a>

On 6 May 2022, HB4 was approved by <a href="Food_Standards_Australia_New_Zealand" title="Food Standards Australia New Zealand">Food Standards Australia New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HB4-FSANZ-ISAAA-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-HB4-FSANZ-Bloomberg-35">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monsanto's_MON_71800">Monsanto's MON 71800</h2></div>

The transgenic wheat that was furthest developed was <a href="Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a>'s MON 71800,r which is <a href="Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>-resistant via a CP4/maize EPSPS gene.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Monsanto received approval from the FDA for its use in food, but withdrew its EPA application in 2004, so the product was never marketed. It also received approval for use as food in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

Studies conducted by Monsanto showed that its nutritional components are equivalent to nontransgenic, commercially available wheat,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and animal studies that have used MON 71800 for feed have confirmed this.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Environmental Risk assessments have been conducted by Monsanto,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and government regulatory agencies have approved its use in food;<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

However, farmers were worried about the potential loss of markets in Europe and Asia due to public refusal of the end product,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> so Monsanto withdrew its EPA application for Roundup-Ready Wheat.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

In 2010, Monsanto's partner in India, <a href="Mahyco" title="Mahyco">Mahyco</a>, announced that it planned to seek approval to market GM wheat in India in the next three to five years.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escape_of_GM_wheat_seed">Escape of GM wheat seed</h2></div>

In 1999, scientists in Thailand claimed they discovered glyphosate-resistant wheat in a grain shipment from the Pacific Northwest of the United States, though transgenic wheat had never been approved for sale and was only ever grown in test plots. No one could explain how the transgenic wheat got into the food supply.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

In May 2013, a strain of genetically engineered, glyphosate-resistant wheat was found on a farm in Oregon. Extensive testing confirmed the wheat as a variety – MON71800.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The wheat had been developed by Monsanto, but never been approved or marketed after the company had tested it between 1998 and 2005. The unexplained presence of this type of wheat presents a problem to wheat growers when buyers demand <a href="Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">GMO-free</a> wheat.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Japan subsequently suspended import of soft white wheat from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>

A <a href="Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> farmer sued Monsanto over the release, saying it had caused the price of wheat grown in the US to fall.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

Monsanto suggested that the presence of this wheat was likely an act of sabotage.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On Jun 14, 2013, the USDA announced: "As of today, USDA has neither found nor been informed of anything that would indicate that this incident amounts to more than a single isolated incident in a single field on a single farm. All information collected so far shows no indication of the presence of GE wheat in commerce."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> As of August 30, 2013, while the source of the GM wheat remained unknown, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan had all resumed placing orders, and the disruption of the export market was minimal.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

The investigation was closed in 2014 after the USDA <a href="Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a> had exhausted all leads, but had not found any evidence that the wheat had entered commercial supply.

In 2019, the <a href="USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> announced that genetically modified wheat plants engineered to resist <a href="Roundup_(herbicide)" title="Roundup (herbicide)">Roundup</a> were detected in an unplanted field in Washington state.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Regulation_of_the_release_of_genetic_modified_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms">Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms</a></div>

The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of genetically modified crops. Differences in the regulation of GM crops exist between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the USA and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Genetic_engineering301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically modified organisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_maize" title="Genetically modified maize">Maize/corn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Starlink_corn_recall" class="mw-redirect" title="Starlink corn recall">StarLink</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_varieties_of_genetically_modified_maize" title="List of varieties of genetically modified maize">List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_potato" title="Genetically modified potato">Potato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amflora" title="Amflora">Amflora</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_rice" title="Genetically modified rice">Rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_soybean" title="Genetically modified soybean">Soybean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Roundup_ready_soybean" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup ready soybean">Roundup ready soybean</a></li>

<li><a href="Vistive_Gold" title="Vistive Gold">Vistive Gold</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_tomato" title="Genetically modified tomato">Tomato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flavr_Savr" title="Flavr Savr">Flavr Savr</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cotton#Genetic_modification" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bt_cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Apple</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_brinjal" title="Genetically modified brinjal">Brinjal</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_canola" title="Genetically modified canola">Canola</a></li>

<li><a href="Papaya#Genetically_engineered_cultivars" title="Papaya">Papaya</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartStax" title="SmartStax">SmartStax</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_sugar_beet" title="Genetically modified sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li>

<li><a href="Tobacco#Genetic_modification" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Trees</a></li>

<li><a href="DMH-11_Mustard" title="DMH-11 Mustard">Mustard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_animal" title="Genetically modified animal">Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_mammal" title="Genetically modified mammal">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_mouse" title="Genetically modified mouse">Mouse</a>

<ul><li><a href="Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">Knockout mouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Oncomouse" title="Oncomouse">Oncomouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Woolly_mouse" title="Woolly mouse">Woolly mouse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Enviropig" class="mw-redirect" title="Enviropig">Enviropig</a></li>

<li><a href="Herman_the_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman the Bull">Herman the Bull</a></li>

<li><a href="Knockout_rat" title="Knockout rat">Knockout rat</a></li>

<li><a href="Alba_(rabbit)" title="Alba (rabbit)">Rabbit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruppy" title="Ruppy">Ruppy</a></li>

<li><a href="Romulus%2C_Remus%2C_and_Khaleesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus, Remus, and Khaleesi">Wolves</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_insect" title="Genetically modified insect">Insects</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="GloFish" title="GloFish">GloFish</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified salmon">Salmon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified bird">Birds</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetically_modified_organism#Frogs" title="Genetically modified organism">Frogs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetically_modified_bacteria" title="Genetically modified bacteria">Bacteria</a> and <a href="Genetically_modified_virus" title="Genetically modified virus">viruses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ice-minus_bacteria" title="Ice-minus bacteria">Ice-minus bacteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B vaccine</a></li>

<li><a href="Oncolytic_virus" title="Oncolytic virus">Oncolytic virus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genetic_engineering_techniques" title="Genetic engineering techniques">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Inserting DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agrobacterium" title="Agrobacterium">Agrobacteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene_gun" title="Gene gun">Biolistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroporation" title="Electroporation">Electroporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_transduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic transduction">Genetic transduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Lipofection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipofection">Lipofection</a></li>

<li><a href="Microinjection" title="Microinjection">Microinjection</a></li>

<li><a href="Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">Somatic cell nuclear transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfection" title="Transfection">Transfection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">Recombinant DNA</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenesis">Transgenesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cisgenesis" title="Cisgenesis">Cisgenesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Controversies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pharming_(genetics)" title="Pharming (genetics)">Pharming</a></li>

<li>Companies

<li><a href="Bayer#Bayer_CropScience" title="Bayer">Bayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Dow_AgroSciences" title="Dow AgroSciences">Dow AgroSciences</a></li>

<li><a href="DuPont_Pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont Pioneer">DuPont Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a></li>

<li><a href="Syngenta" title="Syngenta">Syngenta</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">humans</a> and diagnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">Gene knockout</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene_knockdown" title="Gene knockdown">Gene knockdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Gene_targeting" title="Gene targeting">Gene targeting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transgene" title="Transgene">Transgene</a></li>

<li><a href="Detection_of_genetically_modified_organisms" title="Detection of genetically modified organisms">Detection of genetically modified organisms</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetics_in_fiction" title="Genetics in fiction">Genetics in fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_transfection" title="Reverse transfection">Reverse transfection</a></li>

<li><a href="Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">Genetic use restriction technology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Regulation_of_genetic_engineering" title="Regulation of genetic engineering">Regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cartagena_Protocol_on_Biosafety" title="Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety">Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Africa">Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in North America">North America</a> (<a href="Genetic_engineering_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in the United States">US</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in South America">South America</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetic_engineering_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloning</a></li>

<li><a href="Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell research</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wheat271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><div id="Wheat271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="Taxonomy_of_wheat" title="Taxonomy of wheat">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Common</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marquis_wheat" title="Marquis wheat">Marquis</a></li>

<li><a href="Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter wheat</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li>

<li><a href="Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Agronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wheat_diseases" title="Wheat diseases">Wheat diseases</a>

<li><a href="Wheat_mildew" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat mildew">Wheat mildew</a></li>

<li><a href="Hessian_fly" title="Hessian fly">Hessian fly</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AWB_Limited" title="AWB Limited">Australian Wheat Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Wheat_Board" title="Canadian Wheat Board">Canadian Wheat Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Corn_exchange" title="Corn exchange">Corn exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Exports</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Grains_Council" title="International Grains Council">International Wheat Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Peak wheat</a></li>

<li><a href="International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Production statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Protein_premium" title="Protein premium">Protein premium</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pools in Canada</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Plant parts and their uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt><a href="Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stalk</a></dt>

<dd><a href="Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Chaff" title="Chaff">Chaff</a> (husk)</dd>

<dd><a href="Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a>

<dl><dd><a href="Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a></dd></dl></dd>

<dd><a href="Germinated_wheat" title="Germinated wheat">Sprouts</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Basic preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dd><a href="Wheat_berry" title="Wheat berry">Berries</a> or <a href="Groats" class="mw-redirect" title="Groats">groats</a></dd>

<dt><a href="Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></dt>

<dd><a href="Farina_(food)" title="Farina (food)">Farina</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">Flour</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Wheat_middlings" title="Wheat middlings">Middlings</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Semolina" title="Semolina">Semolina</a></dd>

<dt><a href="Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></dt>

<dd><a href="Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">As an ingredient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li>

<li><a href="Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li>

<li><a href="Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">Cracker</a></li>

<li><a href="Flatbread" title="Flatbread">Flatbread</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheat_germ_oil" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Wheat gluten</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Associated human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li>

<li><a href="Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Food_riot" title="Food riot">Bread riot</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></li>

<li><a href="Refined_grains" title="Refined grains">Refined grains</a></li>

<li><a href="Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">Wheatpaste</a></li>

<li><a href="Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grain</a></li>

<li><a href="Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">Shattering</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><div> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-03-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Genetically_modified_wheat&oldid=1278783406">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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